ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Barnyard millet, an ancient grain that serves as a staple food and a key component of many diets, requires processing before consumption. Roasting is a common processing method that can enhance millet palatability. However, it is important to ensure that the nutritional properties are well preserved. Hence, this study investigated the influence of roasting on the proximate composition, amino acid composition, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the whole grain barnyard millet sample. Method: The roasted sample of whole grain barnyard millet was roasted in the oven at 110℃ for 10 minutes and used for proximate analysis and amino acid composition. Meanwhile, TPC and DPPH were performed using the ethanol extract of a roasted whole-grain barnyard millet sample. Results: This study found a significant (p<0.05) of 14.22% reduction in moisture content in roasted millet compared to non-roasted millet. The roasted millet sample showed a higher fat content (p<0.05) compared to the non-roasted millet sample, with values of 5.08±0.24% and 4.38±0.24%, respectively. The total amino acid content of the non-roasted sample was 116.76±11.31ng, while the roasted sample had a value of 123.51±0.23.22ng. In addition, the TPC and antioxidant activity were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in the roasted sample than in the non-roasted sample of whole grain barnyard millet. Conclusion: The roasting method should be considered in processing of the whole grain barnyard millet to enhance the nutrient composition and boost its functionality.
ABSTRACT
Long-term glucocorticoid therapy causes secondary osteoporosis leading to pathological fractures. Glucocorticoid action in bone is dependant upon the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme [11beta-HSD1]. Piper sarmentosum is a local herb that possesses the ability to inhibit 11-betaHSD1 enzyme activity. We aimed to determine the effects of Piper sarmentosum water extract on 11-betaHSD1 expressions and activity in the bones of glucocorticoid-treated adrenalectomized rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats [200-250 g] were used. Twenty-four animals were adrenalectomized and received intramuscular injection of dexamethasone [120 microg/kg/day]. They were simultaneously administered with either Piper sarmentosum water extract [125 mg/kg/day], GCA [120 mg/kg/day] or distilled water as vehicle by oral gavage for two months. Eight animals were sham-operated and given vehicle daily, i.e. intramuscular olive oil and oral distilled water. Following two months treatment, dexamethasonetreated adrenalectomized rats had significantly lower 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity and higher 11beta-HSD1 expression in the femoral bones compared to the sham-operated and baseline group. The rats supplemented with Piper sarmentosum water extract had significantly higher 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity and lower 11beta-HSD1 expression in the bones. The results showed that Piper sarmentosum water extract had the ability to prevent glucocorcoticoid excess in the bones of glucocorticoid-treated adrenalectomized rats through the local modulation of 11beta-HSD1 expression and activity, and may be used as prophylaxis for osteoporosis in patients on long-term glucocorticoid treatment